GSMA Mobile Phone Producers agree on eco-friendly Universal phone charger for 2012.

The evolution establishment and introduction of International Standards & protocols in any industry is fascinating - Philips for example just unilaterally imposed the C - 60 Minute compact audio cassette as they invented it. Even Dixon's staff could understand what they were ... eventually.

This week at the annual GSMA Mobile World Congress, 17 of the top mobile operators and manufacturers agreed to adopt Micro-USB as the universal charger interface for new mobile phones designs - the TLA(Three Letter acronym) is the universal charging solution (UCS).

The intention is to have this up and running by 2012 and will meet the high efficiency targets (low energy) set out by the OMTP (Open Mobile Terminal Platform). This should see a 50% reductionin chargers built - some half a billion units or they claim 51, 000 tones. Savings for the environment, energy usage and convenience.

UCS chargers will also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating, which they claim will be up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger.

The companies that have initially signed up include majoe players AT&T, LG, Motorola, Nokia, Qualcomm, Samsung, Sony Ericsson, Telecom Italia, Telefónica, Telenor, Telstra, T-Mobile and Vodafone, among others. Apple and RIM, have not yet indicated that they wish to join the party.

Foxconn International Holdings (Hon Hai) has also announced agreements with the Vietnamese Govenment for a new US $200-million cellphone plant in the Binh Xuyen II Industrial Park in Vinh Phuc province, some 60 km north of Hanoi, 12 km away from Noi Bai airport. Production is scheduled to start Q1 2009. -whilst Foxconn simultaneously cuts back on production on Chinese mainland and Taiwan plants.

The factory will have capacity of 89 million cellphones and tens of millions of cellphone parts per year.


The Credit Crunch has some remarkable consequences ... Intel are spending US$1 Bn. of shareholders funds in Vietnam on a new factory.

Inventor of kidney dialysis machine in wartime Holland and helped develop the artificial heart , Dr Willem Kolff dies aged 98

Willem Kolff (1911-2009) was born in Leiden, Holland the son of a doctor at a sanatorium and died yesterday in Philadelphia 2 days short of his 98th birthday.

He studied medicine and became an assistant physician in Groningen just before World War II. He resolved to find a solution for his often young patients who were put down for dead when their kidneys failed. Polak Daniëls his professor , committed suicide at the outbreak of the war. Kolff decided to leave Groningen because he refused to work with the successor, a National Socialist and established himself as a specialist in internal medicine in Kampen.

It was in Kampen working under German occupation and supervision where he developed the first artificial kidney during the war. With the assistance of a local enamel bowel manufacturer ( Henk Berk, director of the Kamper Emaille Fabrieken (Kampen Enamel Factories), and a local Ford garage owner who supplied a Ford fuel pump for the original design.

Whilst a pioner Kolff was not the first to demonstrate blood dialysis John Abel in 1914, ( Abel J, Rowntree L, Turner B (1914) J Pharmacol Exp Ther 5, 275-316 ) used anaesthetised rabbits and dogs and dialysis membranes made from treated parchment. After 2-3 hours of dialysis, the animals made complete recoveries. Whilst Abel's inention was to develop a way to measure the blood concentration of substances such as hormones, he highlighted the potential of his process as an 'artificial kidney'.

The (now universally accepted) principle of the method is that the kidney patient’s blood, which contains toxic waste products that are normally removed by healthy kidneys, is passed along a membrane through which small molecules (minerals and organic molecules such as urea) can pass. These pass through the membrane and end up in the rinse water flowing along the other side of the membrane. In this way the artificial kidney cleans the patient’s blood.

Kollf's system did not show any succes until the 17th patient was hooked up Wednesday March 17, 1943 ....after more than two years of experimention. “Thank god there was no ethics committee at the time,” Kolff said in an interview in 2003.

Further more it is clear that Kolff saved more people’s lives during the war by declaring them unfit for forced labour in Germany, or unfit for transport to camps. The first patient he saved with his early dialysis machine, Maria Sofia Schafstadt, was a collaborator during the war,and was a member of the NSB (Dutch National Socialist movement), closely linked to the Nazis.(see Kolff Institute website)

In 1950 Kolff, his wife and their five children emigrated to the United States in 1950 where he was able to raise the funds to develop his ideas which eventually included artificial kidneys, hearts and lungs. The first haemodialysis in the United States was undertaken under his supervision at Mount Sinai Hospital in 1947- today there are said to be 55,000 people in the U.S. with end-stage renal failure (ESRF) that are being kept alive by this invention, or subsequent developments of it. About 5,000 patients are diagnosed annually in the UK with chronic kidney failure resulting in the need for dialysis costing £25 - 35,000 per annum per patient.

In the socialized world of UK / NHS each kidney transplant costs approx £20,000, in 2002-3, 1775 people benefited from a kidney transplant. These transplants are calculated to be saving the NHS £37.6m in dialysis costs each year for every year that the kidney functions .

Dr. Belding Hibbard Scribner , a US physician invented the Scribner shunt, making long-term kidney dialysis possible. The dialysis machine, as originally developed by Dr. Kolff, used glass tubes that were inserted into veins and arteries which led to serious and progressive blood vessel damage. Kolff never patented his invention.

Dr Kolff was also involvd in the first implantation of the Jarvik - 7 artificial heart

In 1967 he became Professor of Surgery and Head of the Division of Artificial Organs at the School of Medicine at the University of Utah. His department helped to facilitate the first use of an implantable permanent mechanical heart. On Dec 1st 1982, in Salt Lake City an artificial heart designated Jarvik-7 after its creator, Dr. Robert Jarvik was implanted by William DeVries, MD to replace that of the dying 61 year old dentist Barney Clark , from Seattle, who survived 112 days but then died of pneumonia. (1982 - Prince William was born and the film ET launched)

The Jarvik - 7 is a device that is still used today and is claimed to have the highest success rate of any mechanical heart or assist device in the world. Since 1982, more than 350 patients have used the Jarvik 7 heart, and it remains in use today - called the CardioWest total artificial heart as Ownership has changed hands several times, but the device design remains essentially unchanged.



No Nobel Prize

Kolff received many medical awards. He was awarded the Japan Prize (1985), de Lasker Award (2002) the Russ Award (Feb 2003). In 1970 he was awarded Commandeur in de Orde van Oranje Nassau and entered the American Inventor's Hall of Fame in 1985.

He was passed over for the Nobel prize which many felt he deserved - word was he developed a process, did not cure a disease. Cynically it could be observed, kidney dialysis, especially in the young, makes long waiting lists for a kidney transplants possible and good sense.

Snowploughs - an extremely complicated subject - only rocket scientists need apply.

James A. Cuthbertson Ltd of Biggar, Lanarkshire commenced trading in 1936 and they evidently specialise in the manufacture of Snowploughs and Gritters.

The Snowplough range offers 16 different types to suit all types of vehicles and snow conditions, from straight Vee Ploughs to Power Angling Scraper Blades, and 5m wide airfield clearing Ploughs.

Gritter units offers 1 metre Cubic Capacity towed Gritters, through a full range of Demountable Gritters, to 9 metre Cubic Capacity Permanent Mount Types. These units are available in basic form, Road Speed Related, with Data Acquisition, On Board Weighing, G.P.S. dependent on customers requirements.

Local Authorities in this neck of the woods have employed the type of snow ploughs (see right of picture) that easily cope with recent conditions for decades - these seem to be easily fitted to the standard gritters as required and are easily stored in readiness.

Even though the longer term Met forecasts were (as ever) wholly untrustworthy anyone worth their salt (Geddit !) and a small investment in a radio or TV could have watched the forecast snow arrival from Friday morning .


Fortunately the Beagle 2 team (Xmas card they sent us 2001) have re - located as seen and are preparing a snow plough for their next Mars lander and have been also helping out Transport for London on their snowplough evaluation and readiness planning Gold Star Beacon unit - probably a few currently unemployed Hadron Collider teckies are in there as well.

Guradian today, "Today's disruptions to trains, tubes and buses, which resulted in one in five people not making it to work, will probably persist until Friday.."

PS : Should you bump into Boris (or even Red Ken ) - pass it on - James A Cuthbertson Ltd ----Tel No 01899 220020

Superb British (from ooop North) aircraft design and engineering helped save everybody in Hudson River crash

The US Airways A 320 Airbus Flight 1549 that took off from La Guardia for Charlotte .NC., had a bird strike (Canada geese ?) and was attempting to land back at LG. The pilot and crew did a great job in a forced water landing - the plane did not break up and the passengers could be evacuated from the wings..

The Airbuses are the only passenger planes that can re-land immediately with a full fuel load - other planes need to dump fuel becuase the wing / undercarriage structures are not strong enough for them to land with a ful fuel load.

The Rib that supports the wing in the Airbus' is the longest, strongest and most precisely machined piece of metal in the world.

It was made about 5 miles away in Middleton - but production has recently moved because the Government pulled out of the Airbus consortium.

PS : The composite Boeing 787 Dreamliner has still not flown ... many are beginning to believe it never will.

First All-American electric motorbike....available soon in London

Neal Saiki is the founder of Zero Motorcycles . After designing designing world-class mountain bikes for Santa Cruz, Mountain Cycle, he is bringing his new all electric "dirt" bike to the London Motorcycle Show Jan 29th - Feb 1st 2009. Fox video of it in action.

Earlier in his career, Neal worked as a project manager at NASA developing high altitude research vehicles. While he was in college, Neal set a World Aviation Record by creating the first successful human-powered helicopter. He holds masters degree in Aeronautical Engineering from Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo.

As lightweight motors became available, Neil realised “All I needed was a battery, and I could make an electric motorcycle.” It wasn’t really that simple, as the lithium-ion batteries that power things like your laptop generate a lot of heat. Saiki knew his battery would have to dump about 300 amps of power at peak load which currently gives 50lbs ft torque and they say (eventually - er...real soon now) upwards of 150 ft-lbs.

Saiki developed and (more important) patented a way of packing the cells and controlling them that makes his ‘Zenergy’ battery the smallest, lightest, most powerful - 2 hours to full charge and gives some 2 hours of action.

Whilst 20 horses power doesn't sound much the beauty of electric motors is they deliver peak torque at all revs.

The Zero X weighs 140 pounds – it’s geared for a top speed of about 55 mph.

It’s set up like a twist-and-go scooter, with footpegs but no foot controls. There’s a rear brake on the left ’bar, and front brake on the right one, as well as a “throttle” on the right twistgrip. There’s no gearbox.

Turn the key, (they call it "arming" the bike) a row of LEDs lights up to indicate the amount of time you have left on the battery. The bike doesn’t make any sound at all . If you reflexively blip the throttle, it’ll take off. That’s been a problem when one person hands the bike off to another.

Snagette to using one - it's designed only as an off roader. and the list price is .... US$7,450 (ish) spare battery US $2,950.

A street version (ZeroS) good for 70 mph and a range of 60 miles for eco-celebs to tool up Rodeo Drive is due this month - sticker price of US$9,000.

Silent off roader - handy for the SAS in Afghanistan ?



The first NSU motorcycle rolled out of a sewing machine factory / bicycle factory / motorcycle factory in Neckarsulm Germany, in 1901. This used a Swiss motor petrol engine from Zedal - 234 cc engine which put out 1.75 horse power, and had a top speed of 48 km/hr, or 31 mph.

In 1964 NSU offered the first Wankel rotary internal combustion engine car in the world , the twin rotor 115hp NSU Ro 80- NSU has been part of Audi since acqusition by Volkswagen in 1969. The Mazda RX 8 is the only production car using Wankel technology.

Space Shuttle piggybacking 747. Amazing pictures !!

NASA has recently published some awesome photographs of the 747 carrying a Space Shuttle - more here

3M - Hooks to keep you happy

For some reason these 3 M handy hooks featuring their multi use sticky , stick and come again Command adhesive only appear to have appeared on the shelves in Asia.

All tastes are catered for in the animal kingdom ...fancy a pussy Hook ?

The 3M Command website invites offers for any ideas for new products hints and tips sent in include one from a Mom who says "I use Command™ Hooks in the shower."

SD Flash memory chip killed the Video tape

Sony has announced this week that it plans to close down its videotape manufacturing facility in the famous and ancient thermal Spa town of Dax, in the Landes region of France. The plant which has been in operation since opening in 1984 , will close by the end of March 2009.

The facility in Dax has 312 employees and produces approximately 8 million VHS video cassettes per month, they also manufactures 8mm and Betacam SP video cassettes in the Dax facility. The reason for the closure is given as the rise of disk- and chip-based recording technologies.

To add to their woes , the citizens watched the Guinness Premiership leaders London Irish smash Dax 38-0 at the Stade Maurice Boyau today , to celebrate three wins from three in Pool One of the European Challenge Cup - helped by a brace of tries each by famous Irish players Sailosi Tagicakibau and Alfredo Lalanne.

Sharp : Bringing Light and Power to the Dark Continent - massive potential to improve living standards of the whole continent

At the African Fair 2008, in Yokohama, (held in conjunction with the Fourth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD IV) ) Sharp Corp are modestly showing a stand-alone photovoltaic packaged power system (Autonomy-Enhanced Solar Power Generation System) composed of a solar-cell module and a storage battery which could transform African urban life in the next 2 decades.

Aimed at off grid areas in Africa - not difficult, when say only 5% of houses in Tanzania are on the electricity power grid , they hope to have this available for sale by 2010. Costs remain unknown but they are talking leasing deals and the Li-ion battery manufactured by Eliiy Power Co Ltd are (currently) expensive.

In an earlier announcement in February a figure of ¥500,000 (£2,350) was used but there was no in ication if this was for the smaller or larger unit. At the right price the commercial potential is hummungous and display that misdirection of the Mrs Jellaby like tendencies of Gordon Brown and Mr Cameron who have strapped useless windmills on their chimney stacks in the facile belief that they have somehow transformed the world environment.

Sharp have just announced their collaboration (approx US$6 mn) on producing the Li-ion battery and have taken up 32% common stock of Eliiy Power through third-party allotment. Daiwa House Industry Co. and Dai Nippon Printing Co. will also own equal shares in the enterprise. The Press release says, "The two companies will collaborate to commercialize the autonomy-enhanced solar power generation system, for which demand is expected to grow."

The stand alone show product uses the Sharp thin-film Si solar cells with a tnadem structure and they claim conversion efficiency after stabilization is 8.5%.

While the output of a crystalline Si solar cell is lowered by 0.5% when the temperature rises by 1°C, the reduction of output in a thin-film Si solar cell is only 0.25%/°C at the most. This they claim makes their thin film tchnology is more appropriate for regions with high ambient temperatures.

The system comes in two types, one composed of a 90W solar-cell module combined with a 1,024Wh Li-ion battery and the other with a 360W module and a 4,096Wh battery.

Sharp claim a fully-charged 1,024Wh Li-ion battery can power the lighting equipment (5 hours a day), a radio (5 hours a day) and a fan (2 hours a day) for 3 days.

A fully-charged 4,096Wh battery, can power lighting (4 hours a day), a fan (2 hours a day), a TV (2 hours a day) and a refrigerator (24 hours a day) for 3 days.

TICAD IV have produced a series of maps of Africa which are well worth examining this one on transport ... click to enlarge

Perhaps Sharp are doing more for the urban poor of Africa than USAFRICOM ever will.

Eco-friendly electric tandem wheeled city commuting bike - The Tango

An 18 year old Candian bright spark, Ben Gulak has designed and built a remarkably innovative new electric motorbike - The Tango.

An extension of the ideas behind the Segway it is a tandem wheeled bike. The rider leans forward to accelerate -- a feature used by the Segway, and can hit a top speed of 25 mph in its current configuration. The Uno also makes use of a set of gyros to enhance ease of balance, and the wheels are independently operated making turning much more precise.

“It has a range of about 2.5 hours and it is designed for the commute to work through busy towns” says Gulak whose inspiritional moment came on a trip to China and his experience of the motocycle induced choking city smogs.

Ben found help initially from Veltronics Ltd., an electrical engineering company in Brampton, Ontario, who designed the necessary circuitry to boost the horsepower of the motors by 40 percent—more than enough to get the Uno zipping along at speeds (60Km p hr) suitable for city driving. With additional support from Motorcycle Enhancements in Oakville, Ontario, which fabricated a fiberglass body for the bike.

Ben and Jason Morrow who has helped with the project , also 18, are two of Canada’s 16 brightest high-school scientists that were selected by Youth Science Foundation Canada to represent Canada at the 2007 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (IISEF) held in New Mexico in May last year.

He's looking for investors.

Enfucell Oy's SoftBattery™ - a solution for a problem

Imagine a lightweight, paper thin (less than 1mm) , disposable yet environmentally friendly battery that provides stable, 15. volt 15 milliamp source operating from -25C to +60C that can be supplied on a roll of film which can be overprinted.... and which continue workinf if bent or crumpled.

A solution maybe that is looking for a problem ... it will for example power a singing greetings card non -stop for 30 days .... and not frighten postal X ray machine operators.

This is the SoftBattery™ ,the brain child of Dr, Xia-Chang Zhang of Enfucell Oy , a company with only 15 employees, based at the Innopoli building (pic) in Otaniemi Science Park in Espoo, Finland. CEO Jaakko Happonen, a chemist heads , 3 Chinese graduates of Helsinki University, one Algerian and one Dutch engineer in this polyglot hive of innovation.

After Zhang graduated in China as a biochemical engineer he arrived in Finland to work with Professor Aarne Halme, on galvanic cell technology - what we normally call batteries .. and obtained a Phd from Helsinki University of Technology and became a Finnish citizen 10 years ago. He met his Chinese wife who works for the financial department of Nokia and they are now settled firmly in Finland and have 2 children.

So far, Enfucell has operated on financing from national research funding, provided mainly by the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (TEKES), and the Aloitusrahasto Vera fund.

TEKES expect the batteries will prove to be a major technological breakthrough and granted an unsecured loan of EUR 400,000 to the company in January but expect private funding to follow after the World Economic Forum in Davos named it one of its technology pioneers.

3 main product areas are currently being developed :

1. Cosmetics

Active transdermal therapies by the use of ionthophoretic devices - by the application of a small current - for example , the diffusion of pharmaceutical drugs becomes significantly more effective. Patient compliance and quality of life are improved. Also, drugs that are not robust to transport via the gut have a better chance of systemic success if delivered across the skin.

The small size ( and facility to design specific shapes) , and flexibility, make SoftBatteries™ an ideal power source for transdermal drug delivery, lifting the use of ionthophoretic applications to an previously unknown level of userfriendliness.

The company are currently working in close collaboration with a major cosmetic company to produce cosmetic patches.

Johnson & Johnson subsidiary ALZA have an E-Trans device (pic)which they describe as delivering drugs both locally and systemically by using low-level electrical energy to actively transport drugs through intact skin. E-TRANS® technology may be ideal for treating disorders characterized by episodic or sporadic symptom onset and for drugs requiring precise delivery in high transdermal doses.

Whilst this is the same sizein area of contact as ALZA's D-TRANS® patches it is obviously heavy (200 gms plus) , and moderately bulky, it has been used successfully for fentanyl analgesic delivery for the management of postoperative pain in adults following major gynecological or orthopedic surgery.

2. Logistics

Passive RFID tags are a well established tracking technology but Enfucell see potential in SoftBattery™ is in the design of semi-active and active logistic tags and they are working with RFID producers on both the full integration of the battery technology into the tag and the simple hooking up of individual batteries to the tag.

The SoftBattery™ is produced using silk screen printing and ideally combines with current RFID label production technologies.

Products with active or semit active RFID are available are available from companies such as European Antennae and Axcess especially for vehicle identification in road toll tracking and Axcess International. These tend to be larger palm type devices and provide a signal which can typically extend hundreds of feet and take their power source from on board the vehicle.

The ability to provide a low cost , disposable active device obviously has a place in short shelf life product tracking, especially in the food industry where low temperatures can affect passive tagging.

3. Paper products

Greetings cards have been designed for the playing of simple tunes for many years, the low environmental load these devices offer and the ease with which they can be introduced as roll fed adhesive products obviously makes them attractive. Greetings cards in the US alone an annual US$7.5 Bn. business dominated by Kansas City, Mo.-based Hallmark, with 50% of the market, and Cleveland-based American Greetings, with 35%.

Just as "scratch and sniff " has been introduced in glossy women's magazines for cosmetic products, maybe they could be introduced to provide sound samples in magazines, product catalogues etc.,

They may also be used to drive LED based paper like devices as well such as those from Plastic Logic or as they call them "flexible active-matrix displays" (learn more at the Flex-Idis seminar Kings College Cambridge 29th March 2007) See pic and read CBS news today, FT 14th May 2007, Time Magazine Feb 8th 2007, New Scientist 25th Jan 2007.

This is a must know technology.

Why the cost of your passport has trebled - FCO buys new computers

Hanslope Park, Bucks. FCO spook Palace expands in £320 MN facelift


Buckinghamshire is awash with spooky sites as a visit to Alan Turnbull's "Secret Bases" will reveal. He has for the New Year a spanking new aerial picture of Hanslope Park which he says houses the Her Majesty's Government Communications Centre (HMGCC) This absorbs 80% of the Hanslope Park estate and also is home to MI6's Technical Security Department (TSD), staffed by SIS operatives who process and analyse data sent from GCHQ in Cheltenham and Menwith Hill in North Yorkshire, especially data intercepted from the foreign embassies in London.

Noteworthy is the 3 story building (left of centre) over 6500 square metres of floor space – under construction , on a former car park, valued at £30Mn. Which is, Turnbull says the Foreign and Commonwealth Office's (FCO) new Information and Communications Technology Centre, due for use at the end of 2007.

In 2005, the FCO signed a record-breaking £190 million, 7 year contract (it's largest computer purchase todate) with Hewlett Packard (HP) to provide the hardware and software for the next generation of the FCO's secure global IT desktop infrastructure, code name: "Future Firecrest". (See FCO explanation why they need it here to the HOC Public Accounts Committee Jan 2005).... " The e-Diplomacy Strategy was launched in January 2004 to develop the ICT component of the wider FCO Strategy. The e-Diplomacy Strategy seeks to transform the FCO into a single on-line global organisation delivering high quality services to the public ....z z z z zzzzzzzzzz....zzz"

The FCO's internal costs bring the total project value to more than £320 million – the largest contract ever signed by the UK Foreign Office. The system will be managed centrally from the new ICT Building at Hanslope Park, where hundreds more FCO staff from central London will be relocated at the end of the project in 2012 - tracking tortured souls in Uzbek jails and "rendered" CIA prisoners no doubt for Mrs Beckett.... although the Public Accounts committee were told about abducted Czechs and the problems of Stag parties in Prague losing their passports.

Let's hope it's one of the Gubment computer systems that works. For more fascinating views of UK Government spooky real estate give the site a visit.

Spiders on Motorways - safer / easier grass cutting for operators

The IDL2 Spider remote-controlled mower from Dvorak Slope Mowers in the Czech Republic is a (www.spider-cz.com) 400-lb, low profile 4WD mower is powered by a 17-hp / 500 cc Twin V 4 stroke Kawasaki petrol engine and cuts a 31.5-in. swath on slopes up to 40 degrees, typically the job of manual weed whackers. Speed is variable up to 7 km/hr (forward or reverse) and is controlled by a hydraulic pump that drives four separate hydraulic motors, one per wheel.

The operator has control of , stop/start, steering, speed, blade control and height.

The UK Highways Agency is testing the device on the M4 near Heathrow as forthcoming changes in Health and Safety legislation will affect the use of strimmers or weed whackers and this allows the user to operate the device from a safe position, reduces sound (it is rated at max. 100dB(A) LWA) exposure and eliminates vibration to the operator as well as eliminating physical dangers of riding on the mower on rough ground.

Impending changes to exposure of employees to vibration will take effect from July 2007 and are explained in an HSE leaflet (pdf alert). Vibration is calibrated as exposure action value (EAV) For hand-arm vibration the EAV is a daily exposure of 2.5 metres/second squared (m/s2 A (8)) . Strimmers typically are rated at 4.00 m/s2 .The exposure limit value (ELV) is the maximum amount of vibration an employee may be exposed to on any single day. For hand-arm vibration the ELV is a daily exposure of 5 m/s2 A(8).

Francis Cluett, area manager, for the Highways Agency said:

"Keeping the men and women who maintain our roads safe is a high priority for the Highways Agency. New technology, like the Spider, allows us to maintain the verges while workers stay at a safe distance from the traffic."

Dr Ken Young at the Warwick Manufacturing Group of Warwick University is leading a team developing a computer controlled robotic version of the4 Spider , which would ultimately enable teams of robots to cut playing fields or even golf greens.

The Spider is sold by Jacobsen (Division of Texron Inc.) in the US and Ransomes Jacobsen in the UK.